Are Americans Really Inferior To Europeans?

One common objection to lowering the drinking age to 18 in the USA is that "Europeans can handle a lower drinking age, but Americans can't".  People say this all the time without realizing the irony of it all.  They are literally implying that Americans are inferior to Europeans (and Canadians, etc.), while these are usually the same people who love to shout that America is the "greatest country in the world", often in the same breath with a straight face.

Silly, right?  And when asked to elaborate, they will likely say that Americans don't know the meaning of moderation and are lacking in self-discipline, often citing our legendary high obesity rate as "proof".  But by that logic, we should bring back Prohibition for all ages, right?  After all, there is nothing magical about 21.  But we saw what a failure that was.  And by the same token, the 21 drinking age is the greatest alcohol policy failure since Prohibition, and neither one led to moderation, in fact quite the opposite.  Most adults, including 18-20 year olds, will drink regardless.  Turning alcohol into a "forbidden fruit" makes it all the more enticing, and forcing it underground makes it far more dangerous than it has to be.  And infantilizing young adults will only lead them to be...less mature about it.  Who woulda thunk it?

And then of course is the "life is cheap over there" argument, which also does not hold water.  If life is so much cheaper in Europe, Canada, etc, why do they have universal healthcare, stronger social safety nets, generally better educational systems, higher life expectancies, and lower poverty rates than the USA?  That's because life is really NOT cheaper over there after all.  Again, who woulda thunk it?

And then there is the old chestnut that "we don't have the public transport infrastructure to handle young adult drinking like they do".  It is technically true that the USA is a car culture and our public transportation is inferior to most of Europe's, but the same is true for Canada, and they set their drinking age at 18 or 19 depending on the province.  Ditto for Australia and New Zealand, who both set it at 18, and there are still some parts of Europe, particularly areas of the UK, where you need a car to get around for the most part.  Besides, if our public transportation infrastructure cannot handle 18-20 year olds, they would be even less able to handle the much larger 21+ age group as well, and once again, all roads either lead to either Prohibiton for all or legal drinking for all adults, period.  If you give the ageists enough rope...

How about the idea that Americans are too ethnically and racially diverse to handle drinking at 18?  Not only is that, well, racist, but even if that dubious claim were true, it would also be an argument for Prohibition or greater authoritarianism in general.  Same goes for other specious arguments about Americans having less "social capital" and being too hyper-individualistic compared to other countries, as well as arguments about "affluenza" and "spoiled children", and also arguments about "family breakdown" and a "nation of semi-orphans".

Note that the typical "kids today" arguments often contradict one another.  And even if one were to concede that "kids today" are more infantilized compared to both previous generations as well as the rest of the world, which is debatable though it seems to have some merit, the solution is NOT to infantilize young adults even further still!  The road to serfdom is indeed paved with the ostensibly "good intentions" of "protecting" young people (from themselves), which is gradually expanded to include older and older age groups with every passing generation it seems.  And what better time than now for a U-turn?

And lest anyone trot out the "21 saves lives" argument, keep in mind that that has also been debunked as well by numerous studies, and most thoroughly and eloquently so by Miron and Tetelbaum (2009).  Even if it were true, surely the old joke about having a speed limit of 21 and a drinking age of 55 would save even more lives, and yet no sane person would propose such a thing.  Gee, I wonder why?  Funny how "if it saves one life, it's worth it" and "think of the children" seems to only apply when it's convenient for the dominant age group in society.

Let America be America again, and lower the drinking age to 18.  If you're old enough to go to war, you're old enough to go to the bar.  'Nuff said.

QED

Pennsylvania Raises Smoking Age To 21

It's official, Pennsylvania just raised the legal age limit for tobacco products from 18 to 21, effective July 1, 2020, making them the 19th state (and counting) to do so.  And the new law also expands the legal definition of tobacco products to include vaping products as well, since apparently they didn't even have an age limit for vaping products at all (though the federal age limit of 18 applied by default from 2016 onwards).

The part about including nicotine vapes in the definition of tobacco products is totally reasonable.  But raising the age limit to 21 is really not justified at all.  And Pennsylvania had been seeing so much progress in reducing teen smoking and vaping already, mainly due to tax hikes on both.  It would really be a shame to risk derailing such progress now with such an utterly illiberal and ageist law.

Yes, there is an exception in the new law for active military and veterans, who only need to be 18 or older instead of 21 to buy tobacco products.  But that one silver lining does still not make it OK to deny adult rights to otherwise legal adults over 18 who are legally old enough to join the military, regardless of whether they are actually in the military or not.  Thus, the exception does not actually resolve the inherent ageism and hypocrisy of this otherwise bad law.

I like to joke about "the other Tri-State Area", where NY, NJ, and PA all meet.  Port Jervis, NY, Montague, NJ, and Matamoras, PA are all right next to each other, and Matamoras is basically "come for the fireworks, stay for the cigarettes", since fireworks are legal in PA to sell to nonresidents, cigarettes are cheaper in PA, and the age limit in PA for tobacco has been 18 (until July 2020) while it is 21 in NY and NJ.  Looks like the tobacco part of that equation will no longer be true, at least the age limit part, and the price difference is also narrower now for cigarettes, and reversed for vape products, due to the tax hikes.  And gas is also more expensive now in PA than either of the other two states, while NJ gas is almost as pricey as NY now.  Thus the whole microeconomic dynamics of "the other Tri-State Area" are fundamentally different now, except for the fireworks of course.

Finally, Some "Reefer Sanity" In The Vaping Debate

It seems that at least some pundits, politicians, and public health officials are just starting to catch up with reality.  There is rapidly mounting evidence now that the primary culprit in the mystery vaping illness (that has killed over 40 people and sickened at least 2000 in the USA as of November 15, 2019) is the thickener additive Vitamin E Acetate in mostly black-market or counterfeit THC cartridges. This "thick and greasy" oil is harmless when used topically or ingested orally, but when inhaled it is apparently VERY bad for your lungs, much like any other "thick and greasy" oil would logically be.  And finally, several cannabis legalization and even medicalization states are belatedly banning or trying to ban its use in both legal and illegal THC cartridges, since until now almost no state banned or restricted this additive.

Better late than never, but honestly, what the hell took them so long?

THIS is what more states need to be doing.  Legalize cannabis, keep vaping legal in general, but regulate better and root out any bad actors in the legitimate market, while cracking down on any remaining illicit market that continues to hawk questionable wares.  In contrast, broad vaping or flavor bans, as well as cannabis prohibition and/or age limits set higher than 18, will only drive more customers to the black market, essentially pouring gasoline on the fire.  And those who foolishly opted for the later strategy while dithering over the real cause now have the blood of over 2000 Americans on their hands.

Of course, Vitamin E Acetate may not be the only culprit.  Other additives may also be to blame, as can perhaps the toxic cadmium fumes from cheaply-made and janky vaping devices and cartridges often made overseas (which can also be true for counterfeit nicotine vapes too, by the way).  And possibly pesticide contamination as well.  But again, in any case regulation would still work far better than prohibition to really get to the root of the problem.

As for the youth vaping epidemic driven by nicotine vapes, which is often disingenuously conflated with the mystery vaping illness, the best way to quash that is to raise the tax on nicotine-containing vape products, cap and phase-down the nicotine content of vape products down to European and Israeli levels, strictly enforce the existing age limit of 18 on vendors rather than raise it to 21, restrict vape advertising to be similar to the way it currently is for combustible tobacco products, and stop hyping this ridiculous moral panic so damn much for once.

So what are we waiting for? 

It's Not Just JUUL: The (Un-)American Vaping Association (And Trump) Also Throws Young Adults Under The Bus

As Trump announced the other day that his administration is looking at, among other things, raising the federal age limit for vaping products from 18 to 21 (which would require an act of Congress), the president of the American Vaping Association, Gregory Conley announced that he (and by extension, his trade group) openly supported the move as an alternative to prohibition.  Such a stance of regulatory appeasement by throwing 18-20 year old young adults under the bus to protect the vaping industry is cowardly at best, and will ultimately backfire as well.

And it is also all the more nonsensical given how the mysterious vaping lung illness that is sweeping the nation is driven primarily by black-market or counterfeit THC cartridges, not legal and legitimate nicotine vapes, and literally on the same day it was announced that they found further confirmatory evidence that the additive Vitamin E Acetate in the rogue THC cartridges is most likely the main culprit in causing this illness.  It is basically a thick, greasy oil that was NEVER meant to be inhaled, and can cause lipoid pneumonia when one does so.  Though likely other additives or contaminants could be causing it as well, such as cadmium fumes from the jankier vape devices themselves, since not all cases are consistent with lipoid pneumonia, and may be cadmium pneumonitis or metal fume fever instead.  And the Trump trade war with China may have led companies to shift to the use of cheaper and lower-quality devices and cartridges from 2018 onwards, ironically.

Thus, we at Twenty-One Debunked hereby excommunicate the American Vaping Association, just as we already did with the quislings at JUUL Labs.  And we can also add Trump 45 to the list as well now.  May their names and memory be forever blotted out.

The Needham, Massachusetts "Miracle", Debunked

Remember when Needham, Massachusetts made history in 2005 by being the first place in the USA to raise the age limit for tobacco to 21 in modern times?  And how the propoents of Tobacco 21 laws used them as an example of how successful such laws supposedly are at reducing teen smoking?  Well, a new article came out that thoroughly debunks that claim.  Scratch that, it debones, slices, dices, and juliennes it, and lays waste to its remains for good.

From 2006 to 2010 (the original study curiously did not include data before 2006), Needham did indeed see a faster drop in smoking rates among high school students compared to surrounding communities which kept the age limit at 18.  But from 2010 to 2012, the reverse was true: surrounding communities that kept it at 18 began to see faster declines in teen smoking rates than Needham.  This inconvenient fact was acknowledged buried in the original study (that went up to 2012) used to sing the praises of Tobacco 21, so it was not simply an oversight by the authors.  And according to the publicly available data that can be gleaned from schools in the surrounding communities, by 2014 the pattern reversed entirely, with the neighboring towns seeing larger net declines in teen smoking (59 to 77% drop) than Needham (40% drop) since 2006.  Hardly miraculous.  And by 2016, we see that some of these other towns raised the tobacco age limit to 21, but without seeing any further decrease in teen smoking (in fact, they saw a slight increase from 2014 to 2016).  If that's "success", we'd really hate to see what failure looks like.

So what explains the short-term success in the first few years in Needham?  Well, it could simply be have been a real but short-lived (and hollow) effect of the policy, just as Miron and Tetelbaum (2009) saw with the 21 drinking age versus traffic fatalities in the 1980s, with the effect being fairly small, dissipating after the first year or two before rebounding later, and further limited to the early-adopting states only (while in the later-adopting, coerced states, it actually had a perverse effect, or at best no effect).  But Needham also increased their enforcement on vendors dramatically, and also had at least some other tobacco laws that surrounding communities lacked.  And the percentage of smokers under 18 who bought their own cigarettes from stores also declined in Needham but not in the other neighboring towns.

Thus, it is very likely that the early decline in teen smoking would have been just as large if not larger had they simply kept the age limit at 18 but stepped up enforcement all the same, ceteris paribus.

Indeed, one should note that Woodridge, Illinois saw a similarly large drop in teen smoking in an even shorter timeframe (just two years) from 1989 to 1991 while keeping the smoking age at 18.  Leominster, MA also saw a drop almost as large from 1989 to 1991 as well.  And NYC, who raised their age limit from 18 to 21 (with no grandfather clause) in 2014, did NOT see teen smoking rates drop any faster than in the nation as a whole from 2013 to 2015.  Thus, the most parsimonious explanation is that Needham's (short) success story was primarily (if not entirely) due to increased vendor enforcement interacting with secular trends, and not the raising of the age limit itself.  In any case, it turned out to be a promise built on sand all along, if not a total statistical mirage.

Tobacco 21 laws, just like the ageist abomination that is the 21 drinking age, clearly belong on the trash heap of history.  And this is the final nail in the coffin.

One Year Later, Canada's Black Market For Cannabis Still Won't Die Quickly

One year after Canada's cannabis legalization went into effect on October 17, 2018, the black market still seems to be alive and well.  This is despite rather modest taxation of legal weed, and the fact that the age limit is 18 or 19 depending on the province, as opposed to 21 in the US states that have full legalization.  So what gives?

Apparently, there are chronic shortages of the herb throughout Canada that persist to this day, with the legal stores often selling out too quickly, and the black market dealers seem to have no difficulty filling the gap, and cheaper.  Why is this happening?  Well, it is clearly not due to any real scarcity, but the artificial scarcity of overregulation.  Most provinces only allow it at government-run stores which are few and far between, while the few privately-run ones are also few and far between due to a limited number of licenses.  The rollout of legal weed has been painfully and deliberately slow so as not to offend the public-health crowd too much, and they did not even sell edibles, beverages, or hashish yet (until this month, October 2019, a whole year after phase-one of legalization began).  So it doesn't take a rocket scientist to see how this would create shortages for illicit dealers to fill, as per the basic iron laws of supply and demand.

Thus, Canada's black market is due to somewhat different reasons (i.e. excessive federal and provincial overregulation causing chronic shortages) than the USA's black market (excessively high age limits and taxes, and a state-by-state patchwork quilt approach in the absence of federal legalization).  Either way, lessons should be learned from both countries.

Best thing for Canada to do?  Accelerate phase-two of legalization yesterday, as it is long overdue.  Consider a tax holiday for a few months, like Oregon did when legalization began there.  Ease up a bit on licensing regulations (and fees) for both producers and retailers.  Allow at least all liquor stores to sell weed alongside their booze, and further consider allowing any store that sells cigarettes to also sell weed as well.  And those provinces that set the age limit at 19 (including Manitoba, despite their drinking and tobacco smoking age being 18) should lower their age limits to 18.  Encourage current black market dealers to "go legit".  And once these things are done, then crack down on the black market.  Problem solved.

Of course, once the black market is dead and gone, then by all means, tax away.  But now is not the time for overtaxation or overregulation.

Remember, there is really no good reason why cannabis needs to be regulated any more stringently than alcohol or tobacco.  After all, while it is not completely harmless for everyone, the fact remains that by just about any objective, rational, scientific measure, cannabis is safer than alcohol, tobacco, most prescription drugs, aspirin, and even Tylenol, while it is less addictive than coffee.   Thus our laws and regulations need to align accurately with reality, since facts > feelings, even in a "post-truth" society.

On the plus side, after a year of legalization the fears of increased carnage on the highways from stoned drivers and stuff like that apparently did not materialize in Canada.  Or any other dire problem for that matter.  But we could have told you that long ago.

Note To Spammers and Advertisers: Stay Off Of This Blog!

To anyone who has been spamming and advertising questionable things in the comments section of our blog posts, we at Twenty-One Debunked are asking you to stop doing so.  Yesterday.  Just because of the subject matter of our blog posts or the fact that they contain certain key words, it does NOT mean that you should take that as an invitation to hawk your sketchy wares here.  Needless to say, I have deleted all of your posts.  Don't let the door hit you on the way out.

HALF Of America Now Has A Smoking/Vaping Age Of 21

As of July 2019, HALF of the American population now lives in jurisdictions with a tobacco/nicotine smoking/vaping age of 21 now.  It is a total of 18 states as of September 2019, and hundreds (if not thousands) of localities, and given the population distribution it adds up at least half of the population living in such places.  And now Pennsylvania, currently 18 statewide (with none of their localities setting it any higher), but soon to be surrrounded on all sides by states with an age limit of 21, unfortunately looks to join them as well.

That is a shame, since Pennsylvania has seen more progress than the national average in terms of reducing teen smoking (and less of an increase in teen vaping) in recent years, while the increase in teen vaping continues unabated nationwide regardless of the states who raised the age limit to 21 in recent years.  Pennsylvania raised their cigarette tax and implement a hefty vape tax on recent years, so that could be part of their relative success story.

UPDATE:  As of November 27, 2019, Pennsylvania raised their smoking age to 21, effective July 1, 2020.  And New York's hike to 21 has just gone into effect in November as well.  Thus, now MORE than half of the American population (and growing!) lives under a Tobacco 21 regime now.

In The UK, Cooler Heads Still Prevail When It Comes To Vaping

With all of this mass hysteria going on in the USA over vaping, we should keep in mind that our friends across the pond in the UK are generally NOT freaking out about it.  So what is so different over there?

First of all, regulation of advertising and promotion of vaping products is stricter in the UK.  Also, the nicotine content of such products is capped at a level significantly lower (as much as two-thirds lower) than the average of today's leading brands in the USA.  Even when those very same brands, most notably JUUL (aka "may their name and memory be forever blotted out"), are sold in the UK, they have to reduce their nicotine levels to be able to sell them there.  That, of course, is an EU-wide regulation, binding on all member states including the UK (at least until Brexit, just to Regrexit, if finalized).  The dose makes the poison, basically, and capping it greatly reduces (though does not eliminate) adverse side effects, not to mention the chances of young experimenters becoming addicted to nicotine so disturbingly quickly.

Also, the age limit is 18 over there (strictly enforced on vendors, just like regular cigarettes and alcohol), and there are no flavor bans either.  If anything, they seem to have an even wider variety of flavors.

Public Health England (PHE) certainly does NOT recommend that non-smokers ever take up the habit of vaping, but they do encourage current adult smokers to switch to vaping if they can't quit nicotine otherwise.  And they caution vapers not to vape any illicit or homemade products or add anything to the legitimate pods or liquid. Overall, authorities and the public health community keep a cool head about vaping, and guess what?  In the absence of moral panic, there does not seem be any real vaping epidemic among young people over there, and while there have been occasional reports of adverse reactions in general, there so far have not been any reported cases of the mystery vaping-related lung illness that the USA is currently grappling with.  (Of course, as we have already noted before, that mystery illness is primarily due to unregulated black-market vape products, especially THC ones, which often contain very questionable additives.)

That’s not to say that nobody is freaking out over there at all.  Every country has its share of that it seems.  But over in the UK at least, it currently seems to be confined to the tabloids for the most part.

We can really learn a lot from our friends across the pond.  So let's be adult about this, shall we?

Calling It QUITS

There is a new bipartisan bill in Congress now, called the Quell Underage Inhaling of Toxic Substances (QUITS) Act.  And to be honest, it is a mixed bag overall.  It would:

• Ban flavored e-cigarettes (i.e. vape products) and other flavored tobacco products, including menthol.
• Increase the federal cigarette tax from $1 per pack to $3 per pack.
• Create a tax on e-cigarettes equivalent to $3 per pack.
• Increase annual funding for the CDC's Office of Smoking and Health from $210 million to $500 million.

The first item on the list, the flavor ban as we have noted before, is too broad and largely due to the moral panic around vaping these days.  Throwing out the proverbial baby with the bathwater is likely counterproductive, and slopes are slipperier than they appear.  other items on the list are overall a good idea though.  At least all of these also apply to, and does not ignore, the real elephant in the room:  combustible cigarettes and other combustible tobacco products, which kill over 480,000+ Americans per year, while vaping has killed eight people so far in all of its history, and even then, mostly via black-market THC products rather than legitimate ones.  And while even one such death is one too many, compared to combustible cigarettes, that's essentially a mere rounding error in statistical terms.

Another strength is that it does not raise the age limit for tobacco or vaping products at the federal level.  And that, Twenty-One Debunked is happy about.

So what can be added to the bill to improve it, while also removing or narrowing the flavor ban?  Here are some of our ideas:

• Cap and reduce the maximum allowable nicotine content of vape products down to current European and Israeli levels. 
• In fact, while we're at it, cap and gradually phase down the maximum allowable nicotine content of combustible cigarettes down to a non-addictive level as well.
• Tax vape products in a manner that is directly proportional to nicotine content.
• Enforce better (targeting vendors) the current federal age limit of 18 for both vaping and combustible tobacco products.
• Restrict advertising of vape products, similar to how it is for combustible tobacco products.
• Actually REGULATE the vaping industry, and require quality control testing.
• Crack down on black-market and counterfeit vape products, and root out any bad actors in the legitimate market as well.
• Legalize and regulate cannabis at the federal level, and implement strict quality control standards as well for both cannabis as well as tobacco/nicotine products.
• Require ALL vape products, whether nicotine, THC, CBD, or otherwise, to transparently disclose all ingredients, and immediately ban the use of questionable additives believed to be linked to the outbreak of the mystery vaping illness.

Let's be adult about this, shall we?